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Illustration of the ideal Black Java female in the 1905 Standard of Perfection | |
| Conservation status | critical |
|---|---|
| Country of origin | United States |
| Standard | APA |
| Traits | |
| Weight |
|
| Egg color | brown |
| Comb type | single |
| Classification | |
| APA | American[1] |
| |
The Java is a breed of chicken originating in the United States. Despite the breed's name, a reference to the island of Java, it was developed in the U.S. from chickens of unknown Asian extraction. It is one of the oldest American chickens, forming the basis for many other breeds, but is critically endangered today. Javas are large birds with a sturdy appearance. They are hardy, and are well-suited for both meat and egg production, especially by small-scale farms, homesteads, and backyard keepers.
History[edit]
After the Dominique, the Java is the oldest breed of chicken created in the U.S.[2] Though its name would suggest a Javan derivation, it is not known exactly where in Asia its ancestors came from.[3] It was first mentioned in print in 1835, but it is thought to have been present well before this time.[2] Javas were especially notable as meat production birds throughout the 19th century,[4] with their popularity peaking in the latter half of that century.[5]
The Java is a key foundation breed for the American class of chickens,[3] having contributed significantly to major modern fowl such as the Jersey Giant, Rhode Island Red and Plymouth Rock.[2] They are also likely to be the source of the yellow skin in contemporary Dominiques, which once had white skin.[3]
The Java was first recognized officially by acceptance in the American Poultry Association's Standard of Perfection in 1883.[2] The White, Black, and Mottled varieties were all originally described in the Standard, but the White was removed in 1910 because it was thought to be too similar to the White Plymouth Rock.[3] It eventually disappeared in the 1950s.[5] There was also an Auburn type which was the basis for the Rhode Island Red, but it died out by 1870.[6]
Javas had nearly vanished by the end of the 20th century, having been pushed to fringes of the poultry world by the intense focus on one or two breeds by commercial growers, and the introduction of innumerable new and exotic breeds to poultry fancy. Beginning in the 1990s, breeders and conservation organizations began to make a more concerted effort to save the Java. In particular, the Garfield Farm Museum in Illinois has played a pivotal role in the preservation of Javas in the 21st century.[7] Beginning with Mottled and Black Javas, sports from the Garfield flock have revived the White variety.[8] The Garfield Farm was also supported by the Museum of Science and Industry in Chicago, which hatched Java chicks as part of their exhibit on genetics.[5]
The American Livestock Breeds Conservancy continues to list Javas as Critical on its watchlist, meaning fewer than 500 breeding birds from five or fewer primary breeding flocks are known (this does not take into account the population of non-breeding flocks).[4] The breed is also listed as part of Slow Food USA's Ark of Taste, a catalog of heritage foods in danger of extinction.[9]
Characteristics[edit]
Javas are heavy chickens, with roosters weighing around 4.3 kilograms (9.5 pounds) and hens 2.9–3.4 kg (6.5–7.5 lb). They have a very long, broad back and a deep breast, which makes for a solid, rectangular build. They have small earlobes and medium size combs and wattles, all of which are red in color. Javas have single combs, but they have a shape which suggests the influence of a pea-combed breed in their development.[10]
Javas appear in three color variations today: Black, Mottled, and White. The Black has black shanks and beaks, though some yellow may appear in the legs. The plumage is a uniform black hue that has a dark green sheen in the light. The Mottled and White have mostly yellow skin, with horn colored beaks. The plumage of the Mottled is a black base with white markings on the tips of feathers, which imparts a spotted appearance.[10]
Use[edit]
Javas are valued for their dual-purpose characteristics. Though they are slow-growing compared to the broilers used by the commercial chicken industry today, they produce a good carcass. Hens lay a respectable amount of large, brown eggs and will go broody. Javas are particularly known as good foragers, needing less supplementary feed than many breeds when allowed to free range.[11] Like many large breeds, they are known to be docile in temperament, and hardy in inclement weather. In general, Javas are particularly suitable for keepers of smaller flocks who require a good dual-purpose chicken.[11][2]
Footnotes[edit]
- ^APA Recognized Breeds and Varieties: As of January 1, 2012. American Poultry Association. Archived 4 November 2017.
- ^ abcdeEkarius 2007, p. 92
- ^ abcdHeinrichs 2007, p. 40
- ^ abalbc
- ^ abcOtt 2002
- ^Heinrichs 2007, p. 41
- ^Heinrichs 2007, pp. 41–42
- ^Ekarius 2007, pp. 92–93
- ^'slowfoodusa.org'. Java Chicken. Slow Food USA. Archived from the original on 2008-04-16. Retrieved 2008-06-08.
- ^ abEkarius 2007, p. 93
- ^ abDougherty 2007
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- Dougherty, Mike (August–September 2007). 'The Java Experience: Raising a Critically Endangered Breed'. Backyard Poultry Magazine. Retrieved 2008-06-08.
- Ekarius, Carol (2007). Storey's Illustrated Guide to Poultry Breeds. 210 MAS MoCA Way, North Adams MA 01247: Storey Publishing. ISBN978-1-58017-667-5.
- Heinrichs, Christine (2007). How To Raise Chickens. Voyageur Press. ISBN978-0-7938-0601-0.
- 'Java Chicken'. albc-usa.org. American Livestock Breeds Conservancy. Retrieved 2008-06-06.
- Ott, Janet (February–March 2002). 'Java Chickens back from the brink'. Mother Earth News. Retrieved 2008-06-07.
External links[edit]
Tai Game Chicken Invaders Java 240x400 Download
I am writing a program that pits two tanks against each other. I have written all the methods except the fire that would end the game. So far
How do I go about finishing my program? Any help would be appreciated.
MPelletierclosed as not a real question by casperOneOct 22 '12 at 13:25
It's difficult to tell what is being asked here. This question is ambiguous, vague, incomplete, overly broad, or rhetorical and cannot be reasonably answered in its current form. For help clarifying this question so that it can be reopened, visit the help center. If this question can be reworded to fit the rules in the help center, please edit the question.
1 Answer
You need a getter for the x-position, the y-position, and the current orientation of the tank. For example:
By calling these methods, you should get the x position, y position, and orientation of the tank. Then to check a hit. You know what direction you're facing. So if you're facing up, see if the other tank is on the same x as you, and that their y is above yours.
Then in the case of a hit, in other words if the conditions are met. The game should end with the currentPlayer victorious.
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